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The cervix is a ring of muscle at the top of the vagina. It is the entrance to the womb. During childbirth the cervix expands until it is wide enough to let the baby out. The surface of the cervix facing into the vagina is covered with a type of skin which can become cancerous.

It is unusual for women to experience the symptoms of cervical cancer these days as the vast majority of cases are diagnosed during cervical screening. When symptoms are observed, they are abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods) and more rarely discomfort during intercourse.

This is one of the few types of cancer where there are clear early stages which can be diagnosed and treated. The first stage is called CIN 1 and simply means that the cells on the cervix are slightly abnormal. This may have several causes and often clears up after a while. CIN 2 is not cancer, but the cells on the surface of the cervix show a number of cancer-like changes which can be seen under the microscope. The third stage, CIN 3, is close to cancer and is also known as ‘carcinoma in situ’. If left untreated, CIN 3 has a 50% chance of developing into cancer.

Each year, over 40,000 women are found to have CIN 2 or CIN 3. Almost all of them are successfully treated.

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